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'A EH C&STLE III k EH 70&LS." 



BY IRWIN MAHON. 



Bead Before Historical Meeting of the Ham- 
ilton lAbrarij Association, Carlisle, Pa., 
April 23d, 1907, and Reprinted for the 
Historical Department. 

Reprinted from Thk Siiippensburo News. 

Our Commonwealth possesses no richer 
treasure than the fair fame of her chil- 
dren. In the revolutions of empires, the 
present institutions of our land may per- 
ish, and new ones, perhaps more perfect, 
may arise; but the glory of our national 
existence cannot pass away, so long as the 
names of those who, in it, enlarged the 
boundaries of knowledge, gave tone to its 
morals, framed its laws, or fought its bat- 
tles, are remembered with gratitude. 

The men who stamp the impressions of 
their genius or their virtues on their own 
times, influence also those which follow, 
and they become the benefactors of after 
ages and remote nations. Of such the 
memorials should be carefully collected 
and preserved; and Americans, above all 
others, owe it to their country and to the 
world to perpetuate such records, while it 
is possible to separate truth from fiction 
in all that relates to those who laid the 
foundation of the republic — who have sus- 
tained it by their wisdom, or adorned it 
by their talents. 

It should be constantly borne in mind 
that our country stands conspicuous among 
nations, as a fair daughter amidst a family 
of elder sons; that as a I^ation it has 
passed through no age of fabulous obscur- 
ity, nor useless years of feeble infancy, 
but stepped forth at maturity, in the pan- 
oply of war, like Minerva from the brain 



C239 
^3 



2 

of Jove. In its history there is no blank; 
it is full of striking incidents, of original 
theories, and of bold experiments. 

In its government it has exhibited, and 
is still demonstrating to the world, under 
new and peculiar aspects, the ability of 
men to rule themselves, and to protect 
their own rights without injury to the 
rights of others. The men whose names 
are inscribed with honor on the pages of 
American History, were fitted to the times 
and the occasions which called them 
forth ; they were men of iron nerves and 
fearless hearts, of devoted action and in- 
corruptible integrity, of splendid talents 
and practical common sense; who lived 
for the glory of their country and the hap- 
piness of their race. 

On the evening of November 16th, 1906, 
I had the pleasure of listening to a very 
interesting lecture, by Dr. C. T. Winches- 
ter, under the auspices of "The Civic 
Club of Carlisle", — "An Old Castle", was 
his subject. 

Redeemed from the bondage of the old, 
let us now give a kindly thought to a New 
Castle, iu a new world, that long before 
the corner-stone upon which its foundation 
was reared, or a single line of history was 
devoted in gratitude and reverence to its 
illustrious dead, for the rich fruits of whose 
labors the nations of the earth are now 
paying tribute of admiration, one who 
held the richest church preferment in Ire- 
land, and had the fairest prospects of ad- 
vancement to the first literary and eccles- 
iastical dignities of that portion of the 
Old World, when wearied out by fruitless 
speculations, in which his vigorous mind 
found "no end in wandering mazes lost", 
wrote of this new starlit Castle, whose 
majestic feature was, and is, the warmth 
of useful light and strengthening hope. 



"The muse, disgusted at an age and clime 

Barren of every glorious tlieme, 
In distant lands now waits a toetter time, 

Producing subjecta worthy fame." 

"In happy climes where from the genial sun 
And virgin earth such scenes ensue. 

The force of art by nature seems outdone, 
And fancied beauties by the true.' 

He was thinking and speaking of Amer- 
ica, fifty years before the Declaration of 
its independence, that then undisturbed 
wilderness of forests and plains, that for 
centuries was unheard of and unknown. 
And it is of America we will now talk, one 
hundred and thiity-one years after its 
Declaration of Independence was adopted, 
by its early pioneers of Civilization, and 
at a time when brains and "hands did the 
work." 

Experience is the child of thought, and 
thought is the child of action. The only 
stones with which human life can build la 
thought, and when through experience we 
see day after day the wonderful results 
that followed the pathway of the early 
pioneers, the men who had to depend al- 
most altogether for everything they had to 
eat or to wear on what they raised in the 
clearings, or found in the forests, we begin 
in earnest a full realization of the value of 
our claim of ownership to this wonderful 
New Castle, in a New World, this land of 
constant surprises, measured and un- 
measured natural resources, and may well 
stammer a little in our speech, when we 
compare the loyalty of the business meth- 
ods of those far away days, with the mod- 
ern methods, and modern claims of the 
captains of industry in 1907, who seem to 
have forgotten that, 'Single is each man 
born into the world; single he dies; single 
he receives the reward of his good deeds, 
and single the punishment of his evil 
deeds. When he dies his body lies like a 



fallen tree upon the earth, but h\s virtue 
accompanies his soul." 

The captains of industry of this century, 
who measure their success by "millions, 
that have taken the place of hundreds of 
thousands, as a measure of wealth", and 
are looking forward to displacing these 
millions with ''billions before the century 
closes", must not forget in shaping their 
methods of accomplishing ends, that they 
are dealing with Americans, in a free Ke- 
public, men who know that possession 
means power, and that this power must 
not be divested of duty, and it is duty and 
not selfishness that must dominate the 
new forces, and guide them in all their 
business methods, on the road that metes 
out justice and equity on every hand, 
holding opportunity open for all who have 
the resolution and capacity to enter. 

It was from among the early pioneer 
builders of America, producers and not 
consumers, men who had to obtain even 
their sair, from the salt springs of nature; 
whose treasury consisted of honesty and 
kindly hearts, leaders came, proclaiming 
as their motto, the duty of every man, 
"each to help the other". These men 
worked with their hands and brains. 
They loved freedom more than bondage; 
action more than words, and bated false- 
hood and intrigue worse than death. 
Their ail ventures were our lives, and their 
loss our death. 

"Let laurels, drenclied In pure Parnassian dews, 
Kevvard their memory, dear to evry muse, 
Wtio, wltH a courage of unsliaken root, 
la Honor's field advaaclnfj tlieir firm foot, 
Plants It upon the line that justice draws, 
And will prevail, or perish in her cause. 
'Tis to the virtues of such men, man owes 
His portion in the good that IleaVn bestows, 
And when recording history displays 
Feasts of renown, though wrought in ancient 
days; 



Tell3 of a rew stout neans that I'ought and died, 
Wliere duty placed them, at their country's side ; 
The man that Is not moved with what he reads, 
That takes no Are at their heroic deeds, 
Unworthy of the blessings of the brave. 
Is base In kind, and born to be a slave." 

"In the inimitable portrait of the just 
man drawn by the f^reat Roman Lyric 
Poot, he is said to be equally immovable 
from his purpose by the flashing eye of the 
tyrant, and of the burning fury of a multi- 
tude commanding him to do wrong." 

Of all the revolutions, ancient or mod- 
ern, that of American Independence was 
pre-eminently popular. It was emphati- 
cally the revolution of the people. Not 
one noble name of the parent realm is 
found recorded upon its annals, as armed 
iu defense of the cause of freedom, or as- 
sisting in the councils of the confederacy; 
a few foreign nobles, LaFayette, DeKalb, 
Pulaski, Steuben, DuPortail, DnCoudray, 
and a single claimant of a British Peerage, 
Lord Sterling, warmed by the spirit of 
freedom, and stimulated by the electric 
spark of military adventure, joined the 
standard of our Country; and more than 
one of them laid down their lives in its 
cause. 

Of the natives of the land, not one — not 
Washington himself, could be justly styled 
the founder of Independence. The title 
of Liberator, applied to an immeasurably 
inferior man in another continent of this 
hemisphere, could not be, and never was 
applied to Washington. Of the Nation 
formed after the revolution was accom- 
plished, he was by the one people, the 
early pioneers, at a time when, "hands 
and braius only worked", placed at the 
head; of the revolution itself, ho was but 
the arm. 

The ladependeueo of North America 
was achieved by a new phenomenon in the 



history of mankind,— by a self-formod, 
self- constituted, and self governed Dem- 
ocracy. 

There were leaders of the people in the 
several colonies; there were representa- 
tives of the colonies, and afterwards of the 
states in the Continental Congress; there 
was a Continental Army, a Continental 
Navy, and a Continental Currency ; agents, 
factors, and soldiers, but the living soul, 
the vivifying spirit of the whole, was a 
steady, firm, resolute, inflexible will of 
the people, marching through fire and 
sword, and pestilence, and famine, and 
bent to march, were it through the wreck 
of matter and the crush of worlds — to In- 
dependence. 

On the 23rd day of December, 1783, the 
Commander-in-chief of rhe Continental 
forces, (Washington) returned his commis- 
sion to the hands from which he received 
it, and in the fullness of his fame, divested 
himstlf of power, and dedicated the laur- 
els ho had won upon the altar of his 
country. By his skill, firmness, persever- 
euee, and industry, and by the happy 
union of prudence with courage, and a 
correct judgment with a spirit of enter- 
prise, he had given liberty, peace, and a 
name to his Country, among the nations 
of the earth, and by this last act of public 
virtue, consummated his own glory, and 
"changed mankind's idea of political 
greatness", and this too at a time, "when 
hands and brains alone did the work." 

Not to the combination of millions and 
billions, but to the careful culture bestow- 
ed by his affectionate mother, the good- 
ness and greatness of Washington are to 
be ascribed. 

"Tills tell to mothers what a holy charge 

Is thelr.s— with what a kingly power their love 
Might rule the louutain of the newborn minds— 



Warns t hem to wake at early dawn, and sow 
Good seed before the world doth sow Its tai-es." 

On the Ist day of January, 1776, one 
hundred and thirty-one years ago, Wash- 
ington unfurled the first Union Flag, and 
fourteen years afterward, in 1790, the 
center of population was twenty-three 
miles east of Baltimore, Maryland, num- 
bering 3,929,214, and in one hundred and 
ten years from that date, in 1900, it was 
six miles southeast of Indiana, and was 
84,233,069, covering an area, including all 
insular and other possessions of 3,690,822 
square miles, or about one fourteenth of 
the entire land surface of the earth, with 
only the Chinese, British, and Russian 
Empires, surpassing it in area and popula- 
tion. 

Every age has its hero, but as a perfect 
pattern of pure disinterested patriotism, 
Washington as yet remains without a par- 
ellel in the annals of the world. To call 
him great, would be to class him with the 
Alexanders, the Caesars and the Freder- 
icks of other nations; he is therefore more 
justly, appropriately, and affectionately 
designated as "The Father of His 
Country." 

"And shall we not proclaim. 
That blood of honest fame. 

Which no tyranny could lame 
By Its chain?" 

The foundation of this New Castle in a 
new world, as laid by the early pioneers, 
when only hands and brains worked, and 
upon which now rests a mighty nation, 
was Delaware in 1787; Pennsylvania in 
1787; New Jersey in 1787; Georgia in 
1788; Connecticut in 1788; Massachusetts 
in 1788; Maryland in 1788; South Caiolina 
in 1788; New Hampshire in 1788; Virginia 
in 1788; New York in 1788; North Carolina 
in 1789; and Rhode Island in 1790. These 



8 

constitute the thirteen original states of 
the American Union, and npon this found- 
ation have thirty-two states and seven 
territories been built in one hundred and 
five years, beginning with 1791, and end- 
ing with 1896, with Oklahoma and the In- 
dian Territory, ready to be admitted as 
soon as a constitution has been adopted 
by popular vote, with a government for 
Porto Eieo established by the 56th. Con- 
gress of the United States, and the Philip- 
pines under a provisional civil govern- 
ment, Guam and Tutila, under Governors, 
and the Isthmian Canal Zone under a 
commission appointed by the President of 
the United States of North America. 

Nor was the question of education 
neglected by the oppressed and struggling 
pioneers. It was in the early days of 
American history, in 1638-39, two hundred 
and seventy years ago, that Harvard Col- 
lege was established at Cambridge, Mass. 
It was in 1701, two hundred and six years 
ago, that Zale College was established at 
New Haven, Conn. It was in 1746, that 
Princeton College was established, one 
hundred and sixty one years ago, at 
Princeton, New Jersey. It was in 1751, 
one hundred and fifty six years ago, that 
the University of Pennsylvania was estab- 
lished at Philadelphia, Penna. It was in 

1754, one hundred and fifty three years 
ago, that Columbia College was establish- 
ed in the City of New York. And it was 
in 1783, one hundred and twenty four 
years ago, that Dickinson College was es- 
tablished in Carlisle, Penna. 

It was in 1743, one hundred and sixty 
four years ago, that James Otis was grad- 
uated from Harvard College, and it was in 

1755, one hundred and fifty two years ago, 
that John Adams was graduated from 
Harvard as Bachelor of Arts, and the class 



to wbicb be belonged staudB emiueut on 
tbe College Catalogue, for the unusual 
number of men distinguished in after life. 
Among them were 8amuel Locke, Moses 
Hemmenway, Sir. John Wentworth, Wil- 
liam Browne, David Sewell, and Tristram 
Daltoa. Three of tnese had so distinguish- 
ed themselves while under graduates, 
that, in the traditions of the College, it 
was for many years afterwards known by 
the Sons of Harvard, as the Class of 
Adams, Hemmenway and Locke. 

It was in 1663, two hundred and forty 
four years ago, that John Eliot published 
at Cambridge, Mass., his translation of 
the Old Testament into the Massachusetts 
Indian Dialect. 

It was in 1755. one hundred and fifty 
two years ago that Pennsylvania voted, 
$250,000 for frontier defence, Virginia 
$240,000 and Maryland $30,000. 

It was in 1763-7, that Mason and 
Dixon's line between Pennsylvania and 
Maryland was run by Charles Mason and 
Jeremiah Dixon. 

It was the trial of John Peter Zinger, at 
New York, that vindicated the freedom of 
the press, and the rights of juries, twenty 
years before they issued victorious from 
the re-considered opinions of Camden, and 
the prevaricating wisdom of Mansfield, 
and at the trial of the Writs of Assistance 
at Boston, James Otis had 

"Taught the age to quit their clogs 
By the known rules of ancient Liberty." 

It was in 1787, one hundred and seven- 
teen years ago, at a time when Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware and New Jersey became 
the corner stones of the foundation upon 
which this New Castle in a New World 
now rests, that EJmond Randolph, James 
Madison, and John Dickenson suggested 
the propriety of inserting a clause in the 



10 

Constitution of the United States, to meas- 
ure the salaries of the President and Sena- 
tors by the value of so many bushels of 
wheat, and it was not until 1792, five years 
later, and one hundred and seventy-two 
years after the founding of Jamestown 
that this iSew Castle began producing the 
precious metals, and yet we are told in 
1907, that a people who sustained them- 
selves under so many and great depress- 
ing difficulties, at a time, "when the hand 
alone did all the work," "that hand work 
did nothing beyond the rudest forms," 
and that it is to the "brains of wealth" 
the people of this New Castle, must now 
look for their "chance to work." I know 
of but one other thought of recent date 
that has been given to the world, that 
will equal this, and that is the one of Sir 
Edward Clark, a distinguished lawyer of 
Euglaud, who desires now in the face of 
uu broken historic precedent of two cen- 
turies, that the word "America should not 
be used to designate the United States, 
and Americans to indicate the citizen of 
the United States," and suggests that be- 
cause "Great Britain" is territorially a 
larger power on the American Continent 
than the "United States," the word 
America and Americans belong to her, 
and that "Usona," signifying United 
States of Morth America is a more suit- 
able title for this Country to adopt. 

The Englishman is at liberty thus to ex- 
press his opinion, and enforce it if he can, 
but the loyalty of the American, advocat- 
ing a single trespass on a single right re- 
served to the people, under a constitution, 
the Constitution of the United States, a 
document they have been taught from 
their infancy to revere as the perfection 
of human liberty, may well be questioned. 
They built well, those early pioneers. 



11 

"when hands alouo worked", and the on- 
ward and upward progress of American 
Civilization will cease, when the pre- 
eminence of the riuhts of the people, are 
permitted to yield to the lower nature of 
the power of personal wealth. Of all the 
privileges the true American of this the 
Twentieth Century enjoys, there is none 
for which he ought to be more thankful 
and guard more zealously, than that of 
American Independence. 

It may be said, that in this busy world 
that, machinery has greatly added to the 
ease and rapidity by which the labor of 
this working world is accomplished, but 
that is no reason why the same train of 
thought, and course of reasoning that in- 
spired the pioneers of American Indepen- 
dence should not be carried out. I grant 
that the materials are dififerent; but why 
should Americans not still endeavor to 
raise in their minds an altar of a higher 
and holier worship than that of the mam- 
mon of personal wealth. Would it not be 
more consistent with the exercises of an 
enlightened mind, to contemplate the 
wonders of that power which the Creator 
has intrusted to the use of man, so that he 
lays hold, of the elements of nature, and 
makes them submit to his will, remember- 
ing, that regardless of all modern im- 
provements, the labor of man's hands 
still goes on the same, the laws of nature 
change not, and the principles upon which 
the labor of man is carried into eflfect re 
main the sume. In the mad rush of tbese 
commercial days the American should 
sometimes pause and mentally listen to 
the beating of the mighty pulse of the 
people, the power that supplies all defici- 
encies, and sustains the stupendous whole. 
The America for which the early pioneer 
lived, labored and with honor and fidelity 



12 

laid the foandation of its present great- 
ness, was a mere strip of coast separated 
by a voyage of six weeks from an Old 
World, from which it had been politically 
cat adrift; but the America of to-day, by 
reason of the perfect work accomplished 
in a wilderness of oppression and strag- 
gling poverty at a time when "brains and 
hands worked," in harmony for the benefit 
of the maE>ses, has now, in 1907, that pre- 
ponderance assured to it, in the general 
affairs of the world, which belongs to the 
virtual proprietorship of even more than 
an entire Continent. What America can 
do in the world at present is limited only 
by what she herself chooses to attempt. 
Not what lessons the Nations may spon- 
taneously learn from America, but what 
lessons America will be apt to teach the 
Nations, whether they care to learn them 
or not. This is now the question, this is 
the new point of view from which America 
must bd looked at. 

"These are deeds that should not pass away, 
And names that must not wither, though the 
earth 
Forgets her empires with a just decay. 
The enslavers and the enslaved, their death 
and birth." 

At the time America was discovered in 
1492, the gold and silver output in the 
world was only about $500,000 annually, 
and since its discovery, dating from 1493 
to 1902, it was $22,478,926,400. 

Gold was first discovered in America, in 
Virginia, in 1782; and in North Carolina 
in 1783; and prior to 1848, the gold pro- 
duction of America, all came from the 
East, principally North Carolina, where in 
1792, one hundred and fifteen years ago, 
a nugget was found that weighed seven- 
teen pounds. 

Prom April 2nd, 1792, to July Slst, 1834, 
the output of American gold was about 



13 

$14,000,000; aud from July 3l8t, 1834, to 
December 31st, 1844, it was abont $7,500, 
000; and from 1844 to 1847, the average 
was about $1,012,442 annually. In 1847 
gold was found in California, and imme- 
diately thereafter, in 1848, the output 
jumped to $10,000,000, and from 1792 to 
1906 inclusive, one hundred and fourteen 
years, this New Castle, in a New World, 
where the wisest heads and noblest hearts 
should rule, has given from her natural 
treasure vaults, through the individual, 
and not the combined effort of man, 
$4,944,292,609 in gold and silver: thus 
bettering common humanity, advancing 
civilization, and aiding America to estab- 
lish and maintain the lirst system of 
political and religious freedom, 

Nor is this all that individual enterprise 
accomplished when brain and hands did 
the work, Three hundred and twenty-two 
years ago, in 1585, iron was discovered in 
North Carolina; and two hundred and 
eighty-eight years ago, in 1619, the first 
attempt to manufacture it was made in 
Virginia, and two hundred and sixty-four 
years ago, in 1643, the first blast furnace 
was built in Massachusetts, and in 1645, 
two hundred and sixty-two years ago, the 
first attempt at iron making was made in 
Lynn, Massachusetts. 

The first export of pig iron from America 
was made to England in 1728, one hundred 
and seventy-eight years ago, and the first 
export in bar iron in 1819, eighty- seven 
years ago. One hundred and fifty-one 
years ago, between the years 1755 and 
1775, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 
had nine furnaces in successful operation. 
The one near Boiling Springs, a few miles 
from Carlisle, was the first pioneer furnace 
built between the North and South Moun- 
tains from the Susquehanna River to the 



14 

Maryland line. Until the middle of the 
Eighteenth Uentury, Massachusetts was 
the chief seat of the iron industry; after 
that time the supremacy passed to Penn- 
sylvania. 

Copper was mined extensively in the 
Lake Superior regions long before the first 
visit of the English to these shores. So 
ancient are these workings, that no posi- 
tive knowledge exists as to the people or 
tribes by whom it was discovered and 
worked. When this region was opened to 
the whites for settlement, in 1844, sixty 
three years ago, it was found that copper 
bearing rocks had been mined through 
their whole extent, along the Southern 
shore of Lake Superior, and even in the 
almost inaccessible Island called. Isle 
Royal, and the day I hope, is not far dis- 
tant when Pennsylvania will be giving to 
the world from her natural treasure vaults 
a wonderful yield of copper, silver, gold 
and lead. The geological formation of 
the Appalachian Mountains is similar to 
that of the Ural Mountains of Kussia, and 
the product of its mines now constitute 
more than one-fith of the total amount of 
gold throughout the Russian Empire. 
These Mountains in the United States, 
extend from Cape Gaspe, on the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence, southwest to Alabama. 
What may be designated as the Central 
division of this Kange of Mountains con- 
tains a large portion of the Blue Ridge, 
the Alleghanies proper, and a great num- 
ber of lesser ranges, and should be prac- 
tically prospected for valuable ores, and a 
careful analysis made of every discovery 
of same, rich or poor in values, from Lake 
Champlain in the north down through the 
Cumberland Valley in Pennsylvania. 

Seventy-seven years ago, in 1830, the 
first passenger railroad in Americi, tne 



15 

Baltimora and Ohio, was opened, and in 
1831, seventy-six years ago, the first test 
of the locomotive was made, Sixty-seven 
years ago, in 1840, the idea of a railroad 
to the Pacific was a matter of popular 
talk, and in 1858, forty-nine years ago, 
when the great plains was still the home 
of the savage, and the Rocky Mountains 
little more than a dream, aided by the 
23d Congress of the United States, the 
foundation of the great iron highway was 
laid, and eleven years afterward on the 
10th day of May 1869, the last spike that 
was to signalize the completion of the 
Union Pacific Railroad was driven, and 
the golden days of rapid transit from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific began. 

In 1842, sixty-five years ago, when 
hands alone worked, a bill was introduced 
in Congress, made possible by reason of 
the action of the Sixth Congress of the 
United States, offering 640 acres of land, 
a solid square mile of God's green earth, 
clear down to the center, to every family 
that would emigrate to Oregon. Ohio was 
still new, yet the cry went forth, 640 acres 
of land to every family, the rush began, 
and civilization started, not for the New 
Ohio, or the carpets of untrodden bloom 
in the Mississippi Valley, but for Oregon, 
and in 1843, sixty four years ago, Marcus 
Whitman piloted the first wagon train 
through to the Columbia River, and from 
1844 to 1848, the only real money seen in 
Oregon, was one twenty five cent piece. 
Wheat was used as one of the mediums of 
exchange. The first gold dust was sold at 
an Oregon City Store, in 1849, when it be- 
came the circulating medium. The pro- 
visional legislature then in session, passed 
a law creating a mint, and on February 
16th, 1849, authorized the coinage of $5.00 
and $10.00 gold pieces; under this Act 



16 

$58,500 were coined. The rolling mill, 
dies and stamps were made by local me- 
chanics, old wagon tires being the only 
raw material available. 

The $5.00 pieces contained the words 
"Oregon Exchange Company 130 G. Na- 
tive Gold 5 D." on the one side and on 
the other side the letters, "K. M. T. A. 
W. R. G. S." the figure of a beaver, let- 
ters "T. C. 1849." The letters were the 
initials of the surnames of the men who 
were members of the Oregon Exchange 
Company, — Wm. K. Kilbourue, Theoph- 
ilns Magruder, James Taylor, Geo. Aber- 
nathy, William Wilson, Wm. H. Rector, 
John Gill Campbell, and Noyes Smith. 
The $10.00 piece was of the same general 
design with the initials of Abernathy and 
Wilson ommitted and "T. O." instead of 
"O. T." meaning Territory. In all this 
we see not the open handed liberal effort 
of combined wealth, but the natural King 
of well directed enterprise and intelli- 
gence of the efforts of the individual at a 
time "when hands did the work," 

The colossus which Tom Benton wanted 
to see cut upon the very crest of the Con- 
tinental Divide, pointing to the West — to 
India — has never been graven; as a sub- 
stitute there should be placed two mighty 
statues, a Pioneer and a Prospector, upon 
some great peak, whose sweep would take 
in every city and home, school house and 
church, every mine and railroad, from the 
Atlantic to the golden sands of the Pacif- 
ic, and npon the base of these figures 
should be carved, — 

These are our achievements; they are 
the trophies of our hardships and our dar- 
ing, "when bands alone worked." 

With the closing of the year 1906, we 
find our foreign carrying trade. Imports 
and Exports, amounted to $2,690,064,460, 



17 

under modern arrangements, we gave of 
thi8 amount, 15,193,220 tons, or $322,343,- 
088 to American interest, and 52,744,776 
tons or $2,367,721,372 to foreign interests. 
Ninety-two years ago, in 1815, when braias 
and hands worked, America did 90 per 
cent, of tier foreign carrying trade under 
her own Flag, but in 1906, only 11.86 per 
cent.— A difiference in favor, principally 
of British interests, of $2,045,378,284. 

It seems that everything is being done 
to prevent the American Flag from float- 
ing on the Seas; we are providing great 
battleships and cruisers not equaled by 
those of any other nation, to guard what? 
Not our commerce, for that is carried in 
British tramps or French subsidized ves- 
sels. It is, or it ought to be, humiliating 
to the loyal American, to hear and read 
about America being a world power on 
the Seas, when 90 per cent, of its com- 
merce is under foreign flags. 

"Thus men go wrong with an iD^enlovis skill ; 
Itend the siralt rule to their own crooked will ; 
And with a clear and shining lamp supplied, 
Flrat put It out, then take It for a guide." 

On the 25th day of January, 1907, at the 
14th annual dinner of the Manufacturer's 
Club of Brooklyn, New Vork, Chancellor 
Day in his address, asked the question, 
"How much was there in the world, so 
long as the hand was the only thing that 
worked T" 

Oa the 7rh day of September, 1903, in 
an address delivered by the Hon. Leslie 
M. Shaw, late Secretary of the Treasury 
of the United States, in Deadwood, South 
Dakota, he said, "I was talking with Phil 
Armour one day, and he said, "I got rich 
when a young man by watching the coal 
and iron miners. When they were em- 
ployed I packed every ham I could get my 
hands on. My partner, Mr. Plankington, 



18 

would say, 'PLil, you will brenk me up'. 
I would answer, 'No, they are working.' 
When they quit working I sold everything 
1 could dispose of." "In other words the 
success of the mining industry made Phil 
Armour wealthy." And it is the success 
of the miner and the farmer, the men that 
work with their hands, and were in the 
world "when the hand was the only thing 
that worked." That makes the success of 
all our industrial life, and that opened and 
cleared the way for the men that today 
boast of tbeii- millions and billions, and 
did not work with their hands to get it. 

Alexander succeeded to the projects of 
Phillip; (Jaesar found the way cleared by 
Sulla; the aga;randizement of Fraace un- 
der Louis the 14th was prepared by Rich- 
lieu ; Frederick the Great, elevated Prussia 
with the army and riches amassed by King 
William the 1st, but the Pioneers of Amer- 
ican History entered upon their great 
career with no resources save those fur- 
nished by early training, strengthened by 
exulting hope, unfaltering courage, and 
inextinguishable patriotism. 

The English colonists were, from their 
first settlement in America, devoted to 
liberty, according to English ideas and 
English principles, and for one hundred 
and fifty years England exercised a wise 
and liberal policy toward the Colonies. 
The people were allowed to govern them- 
selves by such laws as their local legisla- 
tures created, and their trade was left 
open to every individual in her dominion, 
with full permission to conduct their re- 
spective interests as they thought proper, 
reserving little for herself, but the benefit 
of her trade; under this rule the Colonies 
grew and were prosperous, increasing in 
wealth, numbers, and resources with a 
rapidity, so history tells us, "never before 



19 

eqaalled in aitcieut or modern times." 
Duiing this time tbe settlements were ex- 
tended 1,500 miles along the Sea Coast, 
and 300 miles to tbe Westward, and their 
numbers increased to three millions; and 
their commerce to such an extent as to be 
more than one third of that of Great Brit- 
ain, although greatly restricted by the 
navigation laws imposed upon the Colonies 
by the Mother Country, after 1630 immi- 
gration formed but a small feature m 
peopling America, the struggles between 
the people and tbe home government about 
this time, respecting rights and privileges, 
checking immigration, and hence further 
population was mainly due to natural in- 
crease. "In consequence of the equality 
of fortune, and simplicity of mannern, 
population multiplied far beyond the pro- 
portions of old nations, corrupted and 
weakened by the vices of wealth and van- 
ity, of which there is no greater enemy to 
the increase of the human species. With 
rank and title the heroes of this new castle 
in a new world bad nothing in common, 
kings, nobles and bishops were unknown 
to them. They believed in a fpirit of lib- 
erty and independence, and did not rest 
their claim to liberty on that period of 
English History, when the Magna Charter 
was obtained, bnt upon tbe belief that 
"God made all mankind equal, and en- 
dowed them with the rights of life, prop* 
erty, and as much liberty as was consist- 
ent with the rights of others; that all 
government was a political institution be- 
tween men naturally equal, not for the 
aggrandizement of one or a few, but for 
the general happiness of the whole com- 
munity." Impressed with sentiments of 
this nature, this New Castle, in this New 
World, laid its foundation, and inspired in 
its believers that love for freedom and in- 



20 

dependence, that made possible a great 
American Bepoblic. And this is 8ome- 
tbing of the spirit and character of the 
Captains of indastry in America, "when 
bands alone worked." 

The modern millionaire may love as 
Chancellor Day has said, "To invest, 
spend, and give away his money", bnt it 
was the hand, leg, and brain work of the 
individual, strengthened by unfaltering 
courage, unselfish and inextinguishable 
patriotism, that broke and cultivated 
American soil and discovered and devel- 
oped American mines, that solved the 
great problem of success for the million- 
aire, that now, more than ever, stands 
watching, as Phil Armour said he did, for 
work to stop, I care not through what 
channel he accumulated his wealth. 

It was through individual effort that 
America was discovered, and its develop- 
ment and expansion carried on from its 
earliest day down to the close of the 19th 
Century, and the 19th Century bequeathed 
to this the 20th Century, the bicycle, the 
locomotive, the motor cai", the typewriter, 
the cylinder press, lithography, photog- 
raphy, and color photography, the cotton 
and the woolen factory, the electric lamp, 
the dynamo, lyddite, and the maxims. 
The steamship, the telephone, wireless 
telegraphy and the Roentgen Bays. It 
was after all this had been accomplished 
by brain and hand work, and only a short 
time before the close of the 19th Century, 
that the idea, as Chancellor Day expressed 
it, "No individual can use such capital, or 
furnish the executive ability for such 
achievements as the times now demand, 
and that men must be incorporated and 
money massed into millions and billions 
for such purposes", began to take shape, 
in the American business world, and be- 



21 

fore the close of the year 1906, not the 
symmetrical beauty of this modern system, 
88 described, with its millionaire captains 
of industry, but a hide bound, iron>clad 
system, of unjust authority was discover- 
ed and exposed through government in- 
vestigation, and to-day the great state of 
New York has honored the man most 
prominent in exposing this modern octopus, 
by selecting him as its chief magistrate. 

"The purest treasure mortal times afford 

^ . Is— spotless reputation." 

And if one may judge from the recent 
exposures made of the business and polit- 
ical methods of modern times, no such 
treasure as a "spotless reputation" can 
be honestly claimed for them. Our States- 
men and our modern captains of industry 
have little iu their lives that savor of the 
noble characters of such great men as 
Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Roger 
Sherman, and Robert Livingstone, who, in 
the Congress of 1776, prepared and pre- 
sented the Declaration of Independence, 
and the last political transaction of Mr. 
Livingstone, the negotiating and conclud- 
ing ot the treaty, which added to our 
Republic, Louisiana in 1808. with com- 
mand of the Mississippi and that vast ter- 
ritory from which has burst forth into life 
one mighty state after another, and en- 
abled the American people to extend their 
power, and maintain their national liber- 
ties,— and of William Penn, the Founder 
of the great Commonwealth of Pennsylva- 
nia, who began his system of politics by 
proclaiming to the people "That the great 
end of government was to support power 
iu reverence with the people, and to secure 
the people from the abuse of power, that 
they may be free by their just obedience, 
and the magistrates honorable, for their 
just administration, for liberty without 



obedience is coofasion, aud obedience 
witboat liberty ia slavery"; and Thomas 
Jefferson, who, in advocating a revision 
of the laws, and adapting them to onr re- 
pablioan form of government declared, 
"Now that we have no negatives of coun- 
cils, governors and kings to restrain us 
from doing right, that they should be cor- 
rect in all their parts, with a single eye to 
reason, and the good of those for whose 
government they are framed". And in 
his letter of instruction in August 1774, to 
the first delegation of Virginia to Congress 
advised, "When the representative body 
have lost the confidence of their constitu- 
ents, when they have notoriously made 
sale of their most valuable rights, when 
they have assumed to themselves powers 
which the people never put into their 
hands, then, indeed, their continuing iu 
ofiice becomes dangerous to the State, 
aud calls for an exercise of the power of 
dissolution. 

The great principles of right and wrong 
are legible to every reader; to pursue 
them, requires not the aid of many conn- 
sellors. The whole art of government 
consists in the art of being honest. Only 
aim to do your duty, aud mankind will 
give you credit where you fail." And, 
who, on December 4th, 1783, made the 
first move toward continental expansion, 
in a letter written to General George 
Kogers .Ciaik. He suspected that the 
English had designs upon the country be- 
tween the Mississippi and the Pacific 
Ocean ; hence his proposal to head them 
off with an expedition to be led by Ameri- 
cans. General Clark's lame reached its 
climax with his victory over the British at 
Vincennes, lad., February 25th, 1779, the 
result of which was the winning of the 
territory comprising the present States of 



23 

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Micbigan and Wia- 
consiD for this New Castle, in this New 
World. And although Jefiferson's proposi- 
tion to General Clark in 1783, was not 
then carried out, his younger brother 
William Clark, together with Captain 
Lewis, twenty years later, carried out 
Jefferson's ideas, and raised the American 
Flag on the Pacific Coast. 

Benjamin Franklin too, the man, who, 
"When Eagland announced the project of 
taxing her Colonies, was the bearer of a 
remonstrance fiom the Province of Penn- 
sylvania against it, and in his expostula- 
tioHs, on the passage of the revenue acts, 
of 1767, openly predicted to England, that 
general resistauce by the Colonies, and a 
separation from the Mother Country, 
would be the inevitable result of those 
and other similar measures of the Minis- 
try." And Roger Sherman, and many 
others of a time in the history of America, 
when hands and brains did the work. 
When wisdom inetrueted iu the govern- 
ment of life, teaching what ways, and 
what things are good, what evil, and what 
only appeared so, setting a true value upon 
things, delivering from fulse opinions, 
neglect of duty, and injustice to others, 
and such men as James Otis lived, a mau 
so determined and so brilliant iu his de- 
fense of the rights of the people, as early 
as 1760. that the public viewed him as a 
"flame of fire", and John Adams said, 
"That iu him was born American Inde- 
pendence". Aud that son of the Valley of 
the Scliuylkill in Pennsylvania, Daniel 
Boone, who first saw the light of day iu 
November 1735, and who in 1773, made 
the first permanent settlement in Ken- 
tucky. 

bhow mo, if you can, anything in the 
pfe of the modern captain of industry that 



24 

will compare with the lives of oar ancient 
captains of indnstry. 

Some men like the emile of a king, and 
now a days cross the Atlantic to f^et it, bat 
the men that made history, and blazed 
the trail for the success of the man of 
millions, in the wilds of America, at a 
time when hands alone didthe work, faced 
not only the frown of one, but the Indiana 
lurking in hiding places with powder and 
shot, furnished by a king, to prevent the 
American line from advancing in any 
direction, from the 14th day of May, 1907, 
down to tne time wben it crossed the line 
north of tne Columbia, and strange to say, 
an Indian by the name of Twisted Hair, 
was a better fiiend of the North Western 
American Pioneers, than any of the be- 
loved cousins of Prince Rupert, to whom 
the Charter of the Hudson Bay Company 
was issued. 

The struggle between this Corporation 
and our early pioneers was long and vio- 
lent. It amassed such wealth, and became 
a monopoly of such strength, that it took 
the Biiiish Parliament one hundred yeais 
to break its power and it was only in 1872 
that the German Emperor finally decided 
American rights in the North West. Are 
the Captains of Industry to-day, working 
along American lines as defined in the 
Declaration of Independence, or those 
granted to the Hudson Bay Company by 
British Rule? 

In the year 1775, shortly after the meet- 
ing of the Continental Congress, John 
Hancock was selected as its chairman; 
Mr. Hancock, through distrust in his ex- 
perience, hesitating for a moment to as- 
sume the duties of the position, Benjamin 
Harrison, one of the earliest and most con- 
spicious patriots, and most active, devot- 
ed, and fearless political leaders of the 



25 

Revolution, seized the modest Candidate, 
and placing bim in the presidential chair, 
exclaimed, "We will show Mother Britain 
how little we care for her, by making a 
Massachusetts Man our President, whom 
Ehe has excluded from pardon by a public 
proclamation." On tue 9th day of Feb- 
ruary 1773, at Berkley on the James River, 
about twenty five miles below Richmond, 
Virginia, there was born to this man a son, 
and he was named, William Henry Harri- 
son. 

On the second day of March 1831, fifty- 
six years afterward, Richard M. Johnson, 
Vice President of the United States, in an 
address delivered in CongrebS, asked the 
question, "Who is General Harrison?" 
And answering the question himself, said, 
"The son of one of the signers of the Dec- 
laration of Independence; who spent the 
greater part of his large fortune in re- 
deeming the pledge he gave, of his 'for- 
tune, life and sacred honor,' to secure the 
liberties of his Country. Of the career of 
General Harrison I need not speak; the 
history of the West is his history. For 
forty years he has been identified with its 
interests, its perils and its hopes, univers- 
ally beloved in the walks of peace, and 
distinguished by his ability in the coun- 
cils of his country, he has been yet more 
illustriously distinguished in the field. 
During the late war, he was longer in 
active service than any other General 
Officer. He was, perhaps, ottener in ac- 
tion than ouy one of them, and never sus- 
tained a defeat." 

The guardian of young Harrison was the 
illustrious Robert Morris, also a signer of 
the Declaration of Independence, and the 
financier of the American Revolution. Of 
the patriots of 1776, no one (Washington 
alone excepted) made sacrifices so great, 



26 

or effected so much for his Country, as 
Kobert Morris. Ue fed the famished sol- 
diers oat of his private purse, and at the 
darkest era of the contest, saved the cause 
of liberty from impending destruction. 
Under the guardianship of the illustrious 
Morris, and the instructions of the dis- 
tinguished Dr. Benjamin Kusb, also a 
signer ot the Declaration of Independence, 
Harrison commenced the stndy of medi- 
cine in Philadelphia. 

In 1792, against the wishes of many 
friends, William Henry Harrison, aban- 
doned the peaceful walks of science, and 
east his I'ortune with the army of his 
county, which at no period of its history 
was more gloomy and depressing. 

At that time the British, in defiance of 
the treaty of peace, still held possession 
of some of America's most important fron- 
tier posts, among them was Detroit, Niag- 
ra, and Mackinaw. From these points, 
the agents of the British Government 
supplied the hostile Indians along the 
border, with ammunitions of war, and con- 
tinually stirred them up to the massacre 
of the defenceless white population. Little 
Turtle was then Chief of the various tribes 
of ludiaus that had consolidated their 
forces, and so formidable were they, that 
it required the utmost energies of the gov- 
ernment, to protect the inhabitants from 
indiscriminate slaughter. It required a 
man whose genuis could master these 
difficulties, and General Washington 
selected. General Wayne, as the man, and 
early in ttie year 1792, General Weyne 
arrived at the seat of war and assumed 
command, with young Harrison, then a 
commissioned Lieutenant, acting as aid- 
de camp. 

In January 1785, the treaty of peace waa 
concluded with the Indians, in which Har- 



27 

118011 took au active part, having by deeds 
of daring, earned with his 8word not only 
a commission as captain, bat a distinction, 
when only twenty-one years of age, which 
few attain through a long life. The laurels 
he thus acquired were never suffered to 
fade. 

In 1797, he was appointed Secretary of 
the North Western Territory, and ex officio 
Lieutenant Governor. He was then but 
twenty-four years of age. When twenty- 
five, the territory was admitted, and he 
was sent as a delegate to Congress. This 
was the Sixth Congress, and immediately 
after taking his seat, he moved for the ap- 
pointment of a Committee to inquire into 
he existing method of selling public 
lands. The Committee was appointed, 
with Harrison as its Chairman. The re- 
sult of this Committee was, the introduc- 
tion of the bill by its Chairman, regulating 
the sale of all public lands in sections of 
six hundred and forty acres, subdivided 
into half and quarter sections. 

This was one hundred and nine years 
ago, and twenty-two years after the sign- 
ing of America's Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and at a time when "hands alone 
worked," and yet at this early period in 
the history of this Mew Castle in a New 
World, through the foresight and justice 
of Williiim Henry Harrison, the man who 
was afterward "hailed from Maine to 
Louisiana as the Washington of the West". 
The farmer, instead of being the tenant of 
a wealthy landlord, and toiling for his 
benefit, and liable at any time to be dis- 
possessed, became the independent owner 
of the soil and transmuted it to his off- 
spring. Then it was that emigrants began 
pouring into the West; then it was that 
population expanded; the forests gave 
place to smiling cultivated fields; and the 



28 

great valley of the Mississippi, instead of 
beinc; the haunt of savages, became the 
abode of thousands of intelligent, pros- 
perous, happy, free and independent men, 
and the government sold land amounting 
to millions of dollars, which under the old 
system, of disposing of public land in 
tracts of not less than four thousand acres : 
and the granting of large tracts of the best 
land to companies, would have cost it 
millions of dollars to defend. 

The justice and good policy of this 
measure of Mr. Harrison, became so ac- 
ceptable to the people, that it was not long 
before the Government began disposing of 
public lands in tracts of eighty acres, for 
one dollar and twenty-five cents an acre, 
and but for his wise and just action, we 
may, I think, truthfully claim, that there 
would be no Homestead Act, upon our 
Statute books to-day, and the old aristo- 
cratic and monopolizing system still pre- 
vail. 

In the year 1800, just one hundred and 
fieveu years ago, and twenty-four years 
after Independence was declared, the 
Northwest territory was divided, and the 
part included within the boundaries of 
Ohio and Michigan retained its former 
name; and the portion northwest of it, 
which made a separate government, re- 
ceiving the name of Indiana, and the office 
of Governor conferred on Harrison. The 
territory committed to his charge covered 
an immense and fertile region, known as 
the Indian Territory. Included in this 
territory was what now constitutes the 
(States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and 
Iowa, and Mr. Harrison in connection with 
the Judges was invested with full legisla- 
tive powers. "He had the appointment of 
all civil officers within the territory, and 
all military officers inferior to a General. 



29 

He was Commander in-chief of the militia. 
He possessed the absolute and uncontroll- 
ed power of pardoning all cflfences. He 
was ex-offieio Superintendent of Indian 
Affair?, and was appointed by Thomas 
Jefferson, sole commissioner of treaties 
with the Indians, with unlimited powers. 
He had the power of conferring, at his 
option, the titles of all land grants. His 
signature constituted a title to tbe lands 
of the territory, without revision or inquiry 
from any quarter whatever", and for thir- 
teen years he administered the affairs of 
the territory with so much wisdom and 
justice, that a vigilant political opposition 
desiring his overthrow, was unable to 
point out a single act to which they could 
take exception in the slightest degree. 

But proofs multiply, and volumes can 
be written of the great achievements of 
this American, and the sense entertained, 
by the people, the public journals, and the 
minutes of legislative bodies for William 
Henry Harrison, the man who expelled the 
British and their savage associates from 
American soil, following them in their 
flight to Canada, and there making the 
proud Lion of England cower before the 
Auierican Eagle. The man who put an 
end to the strife of arms on the North- 
western frontier; hushed the din of war; 
gave repose and security to millions of his 
fellow citizens; and enabled the husband- 
men and mechanic to resume their peace- 
ful occupations, and of whom Simon Sny- 
der, then Governor of the great Common- 
wealth of Pennsylvania said, in his annual 
message to the Legislature December 
10th, 1813: 

"The blessings of thousands of women 
and children rescued from the scalping 
knife of the worthless savages of the Wil- 
derness, and from the still more savage 



30 

Proctor, reat on Harrison and bis gallant 
army." 

Tbe Hon. Langdon Cboves, of Soatb 
Carolina, said on tbe floor of Congress, 
that, "Tbe victory of Harrison was such 
as would have secured to a Roman Gener- 
al, in the best days of tbe Republic, tbe 
honors of a triumph." 

Tbe President of tbe United Stated, 
James Madison, in bis mes8a/>e to Cou- 
Krti8a,Dc!eember 7tb 1813, gave bim all cred- 
it. Tne Senate and House of Representa- 
tives passied tbe strougest of commendatory 
resolutions, endorsing both General Uarri- 
Boa and General Isaac Shelby, and ordering 
that two gold medals be struck emblem- 
atical of their triumph, and presented to 
General Harrison and Isaac Shelby, late 
Governor of Kentucky; and tbe venerable 
Thomas Richie, a warm personal friend of 
Mr. Van Buren, and then Editor of the 
Richmond Enquirer, said, "General Har- 
rison's detailed letter tells of everything 
we wish to known about the Ofllcers ex- 
cepting himself. He does justice to every 
one but to Harrison; tbe world must there- 
fore do justice to tbe man who was too 
uiodeat to be just to himself." 

In 1814-15, in conjunction with the 
chivalrous Shelby, and General Cass, in 
his negotiation with the North Western 
Indians, are lasting memorials of his more 
than remarkable achievements. The pru- 
dent care and indefatigable exertions, by 
which he provided for his aimy in a wild 
and devastated county; the promptness 
and unwearied activity, with which be 
met and defeated the schemes of his an- 
tagonists, and the admirable skill, with 
which he held in check an enemy far 
superior in numbers, and with a small 
force protected an extended line of 
frontier, and guarded the lives and prop- 



31 

erty of IhousaDtls of his fellow citizens, 
betokened h genius of the highest order, 
with a vigorous mind constantly on the 
alert, not to weaken and belittle the rights 
and liberties of the individual, but to en- 
large and strengthen them, under a cou- 
stliutiou, of which no greater document, 
in the interests of a free republic, the 
world has never produced. 

When the founders of this New Castle, 
m a New World, declared their independ- 
ence, they discarded the thralling pre- 
judices of the Old World, recognized the 
rights of the individual, resting their claim 
to the respect and support of their fellow 
citizens', on their own good name and 
deeds. Thus was this first political sent! 
raent imbibed in a school of the purest 
republican principles, and from the spring- 
time of its adoption, until near the close 
of the Nineteenth Centmy, when the dol- 
lar of Washington, Madison and Jefifersou, 
the dollar which supported the Patriots of 
American Liberty, and gave the American 
Nation a Constitutional Government was 
demonehzed, were closely adhered to, and 
the country flourished on the individual 
merits of the people. After the demoneti- 
zation of silver, came the great combina- 
tions of millions and billions aud with it 
the claim, "That no individual can use such 
capital or furnish the executive ability for 
such achievements as the times now de- 
mand," ''that millions have taken the place 
of huudredd of thousands as a measure of 
wealth, aud billions will displace millions 
before the century closes." 

Do you not sometimes feel that the 
modern American Trust is rapidly accom- 
X>li8hing the control of all our wealth, all 
our industries? The enormous develop- 
ment of trusts since 1890, when the Anti- 
Trust Liw was passed, the census of 1890 



32 

^ave only nine corporations or trasts, con- 
trolling ninety. one plants, with a total 
capital of $176,0000.000. The census of 
1900 gave 174 corporations, controlling 
2,212 plants, with a combined capital of 
$3,431,000,000. Since 1900 many more 
such combinations have been formed. In 
1890 the Standard Oil Company alone 
controlled twenty-six of the ninety-one 
plants, with a reported capital of $110,- 
000,000, leaving for the other trusts only 
$66,000,000. When compared with the 
$3,431,000,000 of capital in 1900, some 
idea can be gained of the progress made, 
and being made every day in forming 
trusts. 

The Nineteenth Century has written its 
record and now sleeps with the boundless 
past. The Twentieth Century comes tons 
inheriting the grandest patrimony of en- 
lightened civilization that has ever been 
known since the morning stars first sang 
together, and for all time to come, as in 
all time that has passed, the loyal Ameri- 
can will honor legitimate wealth, when- 
ever aod wherever found, both In public 
and in private life, but the despotism as 
promulgated in Chancellor Day's address 
at the 14th annual dinner of the Manufac- 
turers' Club, of Brooklyn, New York, Jan- 
nary 25th, 1907, that wealth shall control 
by fair means or foul, all our industrial 
life, does not in any manner embrace the 
blessings which the fathers bequeathed as 
an imperishable legacy to us, to be trans- 
ferred to fnture generations, to the up- 
building of humanity, the maintenance of 
justice, and the glory of God. 

Abraham Lincoln in 1865 said, ''In my 
present position I could scarcely be justi- 
fied were I to omit raising a warning voice 
against the approach of returning despot* 
ism. There is one point to which I ask a 



brief attention. It is the effort to place 
oapitol on an equal footing with, if not 
above labor in the structure of govern- 
ment. Let them beware of surrenderina; 
a political power which they already have, 
and which if surrendered, will surely be 
used to close the door of advancement 
against such as they, and to fix new dis- 
abilities and burdens upon them, till all of 
liberty shall be lost." 

The blessings of liberty, as taught in 
this New Castle, in this New World by its 
fathers, by Washington, Jefferson, Madi- 
son, Jackson, Harrison and Lincoln, was 
that of a government for all the people 
upon the one common basis of Liberty, 
Equality, Justice and Truth. 

General Harrison thus defined his posi- 
tion as an American, in a letter addressed 
to Harman Denny, December 2nd, 1838. 

"Among the principles proper to be 
adopted by any Executive sincerely de- 
sirous to restore the Administration to its 
original simplicity and purity, I deem the 
following to be of prominent importance: 

Igt. — To confine his service to a single 
term. 

2nd.— To disclaim all right of control 
over the public treasure, with the excep- 
tion of such part of it as may be appropri- 
ated by law to carry on the public services, 
and that to be applied precisely as the 
law maydirect, and drawn from the treasury 
agreeably to the long established forms of 
that department. 

3rd.— That he should never attempt to 
influence the elections either by the people 
or the state legislatures, nor suffer the 
federal officers under his control, to take 
any other part in them than by giving 
their own votes when they possessed the 
right to vote. 

4th.— That in the exercise of the veto 



34 

power, be ehoald limit his rejection of 
bills to, first, such as are in his opinion 
nnconstitutional; second, such as tend to 
encroach upon the rights of states or indi- 
viduals,: third, such as involving deep 
interests, may in his opinion require more 
mature deliberation or reference to the 
will of the people, to be ascertained at the 
succeeding elections. 

5th. — That he should never sufifer the 
influence of his name to be used for pur- 
poses of a purely party character. 

6th. — That in removals from office of 
those who hold their appointments during 
the pleasure of the Executive, the cause 
of such removal should be stated, if re- 
quested, to the Senate, at the time the 
nomination of a successor is made. 

And last, but not least in importance. 

7th.— That he should not suffer the Ex- 
ecutive Department of the Government to 
become the source of Legislation; but 
leave the whole business of making laws 
for the Union to the department to which 
the Constitution has exclusively assigned 
it, until they have assumed that perfect 
shape, where and when alone the opinions 
of the Executive may be heard." 

This man lived and labored successfully, 
m this New Castle, in this New World, 
'when hands alone did the work." He 
died in 1841, the Ninth President of the 
United States, in the 68th year of his age, 
after a service of one montb, in the highest 
position of honor and trust, at the disposal 
of the American People. 

In attempting to measure up the vast- 
ness and importance of this New Castle, 
America, in this New World of ours, we 
should begin by thinking of China and her 
vast territory, rich in minerals and metals. 
A country, that were it as densely popu- 
lated as Japau, would to-day have 1,200,- 



35 

000.000 inhabitants; of Siberia, that land 
of mineral wealth, that will on the com- 
pletion of its colossal railway, see a de- 
velopment now beyond the conception of 
man, and where yet will be located on 
some one of its great rivers, a great com- 
mercial city, in which will reside the 
merchant princes of the world, catering to 
a hundred million of people; of Australia, 
a whole continent which as yet has only 
four million inhabitants, &nd will some of 
these coming days support without diffi- 
culty a mighty large portion of this world's 
population. Then realize for a moment, 
if you can, this New Castle, in this New 
World, America, its resources; its many 
and varied advantages; its great rivers 
and deserts; its climate; its arable lands; 
as much as in Europe, Asia and Africa 
together. A country when fully develop- 
ed, that will easily support three billion 
and a half inhabitants, and when you 
consider, that the population of the globe 
is only one billion and a half, some idea 
can be formed of what the word America 
means, and the love of Americans for that 
"Star Spangled Banner", that now for 
more than one hundred years has "waved 
over this New Castle, in this New World, 
the land of the free and the home of the 
brave." And the importance of maintain- 
ing the individual rights and freedom of 
her people, and the fostering and protect- 
ing by the Government all the natural 
resources and advantages of a country, 
that will some day be called upon to sup- 
port more inhabitant? than the three con- 
tinents of the Old World. Dr. Beckley 
made no mistake in his predictions of 
America fifty years before its Declaration 
of Independence. 

The thought of the varied beauties of 
this New Castle, America, in a New 



36 

World, the abundance and variety of its 
prodncts, its attractive cities, and the 
mighty works accomplished by its people, 
beginning their labors in poverty, one 
hundred and thirty-one years ago, and the 
great men who fought for her, and saved 
her, and of him (Washington) the greatest 
among American patriots, the strong arm 
of the forces who defended the American 
people against their enemies, should ever 
inspire the true son of the soil, now as of 
old, to nobler deeds of patriotism, than 
that of placing the power of wealth, supe- 
rior to that of freedom of the people, and 
thus creating, an imitation reproduction of 
the same oppressive rule that the brave 
and hardy men of 1776, so successfully 
rejected and destroyed, "when hands 
alone did the work." 

"Prom lives tbus spent tliy eartlily duties learn ; 
From fancy's dreams to active virtue turn ; 
Let freedom, f rlendstilp. faith, thy soul engage. 
And serve, like them, thy country and thy age." 

There are but three souices of wealth, — 
brains, muscle and raw material, (and 
these were in the world at the time, "the 
hand was the only thing that worked"). 
The former operating upon the latter, like 
the rod of Aaron, brings from the barren 
rock, life, health, wealth, and prosperity. 
These are the foundations from whence 
spring all the wealth that enriches the 
world. The producer, or working bee of 
the human hive, is the only creator of 
wealth. The non producer may not be 
wholly a useless member of society, but 
after all, he is a dependent being, who 
without the aid of the producer, would 
starve. 

Industrial establishments are the only 
wealth producing establishments They 
represent the products of our forests, our 
soil, and our mines, and men who are en- 



97 

gaged in such works are public benefac- 
tors. They enrich the nations, make 
something out of nothing, and the world 
is the better because they have lived in it. 
Distributive industry can lay no claim 
to the world's gratitude. The Merchant 
may have his uses, but he may handle 
goods from manhood nntil death, and yet 
have added nothing to the wealth of Na- 
tions. The lawyer, the doctor, the bank- 
er, may have their uses, but what alone 
can tney produce to show that they leave 
the world richer than they found itf 

Raw material, in its primitive form is 
the working capital with which the God of 
nature has endowed the human race, and 
according to the dictates of natural jus- 
tice, the fish in the sea, the timber in the 
forest, the iron and other ores beneath the 
surface, and the fertile soil above, as 
clearly as the sun gives light by day, and 
the moon and stars by night, constitute a 
natural bounty, in which each of the chil- 
dren of men has an indefeasable inherit- 
ance. The hopes, the power, the future 
protection of the rights and liberties of 
Americans, rests upon the natural pro 
ducts or mother earth. For more than one 
hundred years America has by reason of 
nature's bountiful gifts, and not by rea- 
son of "great combinations of millions and 
billions", lived a free and enlightened 
Republic, and will so continue, as long as 
her citizens build their world as God 
builds His. 

Agriculture has given to man the neces- 
sities; mining has produced the wealth, 
and labor governs the exchangeable value 
of the products of all industry, and it is 
un-American, as well as a melancholy 
instance of a disregard of individual rights, 

that— 

" like an a.ngxy ape, 



38 

Plays aucli fantastic tricks before high heaven, 
As makes the Angels weep." 

To claim that the present modern devel- 
opment of organized iudnstry is good and 
necessary to the saccess of the American 
People. The power of the people, indus- 
trial and political, is the efficient power, 
and their individaal success and happiness 
the final cause of all good government. 

"Ambition fires ambition ; love of gain 
Strikes like a pestilence from breast to breast ; 

Riot, prlae, perfidy, blue vapors breath ; 
And Inhumanity Is caught from man— 

From smiling man." 

Conditions are not always as ripe for the 
pioneer, prospector, and inventor, as 
Chancellor Day pictured in his address, 
"In opening the 10,000 unemployed and 
unused resources of our Country", nor 
are they likely to be under present modern 
business methods, even though "millions 
and billions have taken the pluce of hun- 
dreds and thousands." More than one 
year ago, and long before the "Interstate 
Commerce Commission", began its inves- 
tigation of the great combinations of which 
Chancellor Day spoke so favorably, it was 
reported by a New York Journal, that 
there was then in the United States, "No 
fewer than seventy estates that averaged 
in value $35,000,000 each; ten private 
fortunes aggregating $2,000,000,000; 400 
aggregating $3,000,000,000, and 4,500 ag- 
gregating $10,000,000,000. And 5.000 
whose aggregate wealth was estimated at 
$15,000,000,000, and actually owned, to 
say nothing of how much they controlled, 
nearly one sixth of our entire national 
wealth, in money, lands, mines, buildings, 
industries, franchises, and everything else 
of value; which sixth, if put into gold, 
would give them all of the yellow metal 
above ground in the world, and leave more 
than $9,000,000,000 still owing them." 



39 

The remaiuinR five sixths of our national 
wealth, so the Article stated, "Was dis- 
tributed as follows" : 

40,000 families, comprising nearly one- 
third of the nation, get along on an annual 
income of less than $400 per family ; more 
than one-half of the families of the coun- 
try on less than $600 ; two-thirds on less 
than $900, with only one in every twenty 
able to obtain an income of over $3,000, 
This is a mighty power of wealth, com- 
bined within itself for use along its own 
lines, operating under its own conditions, 
and seldom if ever comes to the aid of in- 
dividual effort and enterprise, under any 
other rule, than that of absolute control, 
with said control carrying with it, not the 
law of justice and equity, but the law of 
force, the justice that claims, that "might 
makes right." 

Chancellor Livingstone, among the first 
in the State of New York to apply to agri- 
culture the science and interest of a lib- 
eral study, had to brave not only the 
laugh of the ignorant, but the sneer of the 
man of wealth. 

Robert Fulton, a Pennsylvanian by 
birth, whose inventive genius placed him 
in the highest ranks of lasting benefactors 
of the human race, was forced in his first 
efforts, to see his plans rejected with scorn 
by the rulers, the Savans, and the Cap- 
italists of the Old World. 

When George Westinghouse invented his 
air-brake, it was ridiculed by everyone he 
applied to for financial aid, and when he 
requested of Commodore Vanderbilt an 
interview, that man of millions replied,— 
"1 have no time to waste on fools". 

These are but three of thousands of 
cases that can be cited, of the struggles of 
worthy individual enterprises, with the 
millionaire. Chancellor Day, says is so 



40 

ready always to help the needy, and ad* 
vance the interest of tbe enterprising. 

The Rreat fundamental principle of oar 
Government, is respect for labor, respect 
for capital and respect for ourselves. This 
principle has always been a watchword of 
this Bepablic, and if this Bepublio is to 
survive in the race for supremacy, the 
Government must see to it, that the peo- 
ple, under just and equitable laws, are 
equipped to fight their indnstrial battles, 
and their power to produce in abundance 
of raw material, is in all legitimate ways 
encouraged, recognizing as absolute tbe 
principle, respect for labor, respect for 
capital and respect for ourselves, with no 
refusal under any guise, to permit the 
body of the people to act for itself, and 
control its own affairs; strengthening the 
power of the people of the nation, by hon- 
oring labor, honoring capital, and an 
honest, honorable and just administering 
of all public and private affairs. 

That in this land of liberty, of refuge, 
and of benediction, her children may have 
no cause to blush for her, and peace reign 
within her walls, and plenteousness within 
her palaces, sanctified by the prayers and 
blessings of the persecuted of every sect, 
and the wretched of all nations, that with 
her there may be no decay, no leading in- 
to captivity, and no complaining in her 
streets, with all her citizens, rich and poor 
alike, "able and willing to pull their 
weight," in her greater development, giv- 
ing to the world in these modern days, as 
in those of long years ago, unquestioned 
and nnquestionable examples of disinter- 
ested patriotism, political wisdom, public 
virtue, learning, eloquence, and valor, 
never exerted save for some praiseworthy 
end. 

The loyal individual American Citizen 



41 

does not seek the destractioQ of coipora- 
tioDS. All be demands is, that in the cre- 
ation of laws govercing busiuesR methods, 
that they be so framed, as to make it im- 
possible, for great wealth alone, to unlock 
the doors of nature's treasure vaults, and 
distribute their wealth regardless of the 
rights, and the general welfare of the 
people. Organized industry under just and 
equitable laws, must be, and it is accepted 
as necessary and good, but organized in- 
dustry with despotic power is not neces- 
sary, it is not good. It degrades capital, 
it degrades labor, and it is degrading to 
the people of a free Republic. If this be 
"insolence," as claimed by Chancellor 
Day, in his remarkable address, and the 
people endorse his views, then was Francis 
Dana and Kufus King, and those other 
heroes and statesmen, that one hundred 
and twenty years ago. convened in Phils- 
delphia to devise a plan of government, 
which should convey to the people the 
"blessings of liberty to the latest genera- 
tions" ; the plan of which Hamilton and 
Madison were the principal authors, and 
those who attended as delegates that other 
memorable assemblage, that gathered in 
Poughkeepsie, in 1788, m which the first 
Chancellor of the State of New York, the 
man who so honorably graced the position 
from 1783 to 1801, and who in April 1789, 
witnessed Washington's solemn appeal to 
heaven, that the laws should be faithfully 
administered during his administration, 
Chancellor Livingstone, was one of its 
most efficient members. 

Wherefore has talent been given us, 
and knowledge painfully won, if we can- 
not, in our place and sphere, contribute 
something to the sacred cause of virtue, 
happiness truth and justice, without the 
gratiflcation of selfish gain, and personal 



42 

distinction, at the expense of daties to 
society and the general weal? 

We of this New Castle in a New World 
should never forget, that nature, not mil- 
lions and billions, was in a more than 
generoas mood when it created this New 
Castle in a New World, and its monntains 
first echoed to each other, from the shores 
of the great Atlantic Ocean to those of the 
vast Pacific, and from the Northern Lakes 
to the Gulf of Mexico. The being who 
prepared its mountains, valleys and plains 
for our habitation, filled all nature's store 
houses to overflowing, and formed its 
shore line for great commerce, trade and 
transportation. His was a generous heart, 
and calls for a free and generous heart to 
interpret what His work reveals. 

To entice from its soil, its mountains 
and old Ocean's vast domain, the ever 
widening stream of material wealth that 
must flow from an intelligent develop- 
ment, and a liberal, just and equitable use 
of their combined resources and advan- 
tages, the capacity to comprehend, the 
genius to plan ; the wisdom to direct ; the 
spirit to undertake; the force to achieve; 
the honesty to govern, and unflinching 
loyalty to the best interests of freedom 
and harmony in a free republic, are the 
essential requirements. 

The needs of the people, whether Chan- 
cellor Day thinks so or not, must be the 
basis of all our legislation, political the- 
ories, and our diplomacy. This means 
honesty in all things. Those in authority 
are but the agents of the people, who 
through governmental organization give 
direction to our business methods, re- 
straining here, encouraging there and 
assisting everywhere. If this is a theme 
full of proud thoughts, it is also one that 
should penetrate every true American 



43 

with a deep and solemn sense of duty. 

Tbe eventfal lives of those who lived in 
the days, "when hands alone worked", 
and in the days when hands and modern 
machinery worked together, the American 
pioneer and the American prospector and 
inventor, made the civilization of even 
more than one vast continent. Their dar- 
ing compelled development, a develop- 
ment which has resulted in the genesis of 
great states, and large cities. Their hard- 
ships gave birth to American ladepend- 
ence, American homesteads, and Ameri- 
can wealth, and placed upon the official 
record of American life for the year 1906, 
a valuation of accumulated wealth for 
the nation of $116,000,000,000. It was 
their bravery, loyalty and determined will, 
and not the influence and power of great 
combinations, that was the factor of possi- 
ble achievements, tbe most remarkable 
and important of modern times. To re- 
cognize less than this as the result of their 
lives, IS an acknowledgment, — 

"That the age of virtuous politics Is past. 
And we are deep In that cold pretence. 

Patriots are grown too shrewd to be sincere. 
And we too wise to trust them " 

Glancing backward over tbe centuries, 
weighing canse and effect, in the history 
of events, the thinker of today may dis- 
cern with ease, that whensoever, and 
wheresoever truth has been declared and 
lived, fruit has been born, and in the his- 
tory of great discoveries, commercial ex- 
ploitations at home, or in that of over sea 
possessions, wonderful developments and 
advanced American civilization, there is 
no more truthful and fascinating chapter, 
than that which treats of this imperial 
starlit castle of yet unfinished walls. The 
history of man does not furnish examples 
of greater unselfishness, than that of tbe 



44 

builders of this Castle. It was their brav- 
ery, endurance, efforts and discoveries, 
that turned a vast wilderness into a never 
failing granary, filled with all the neces* 
saries of life, and in a spirit of brotherly 
love, invited the people of the world to 
come and share it with them. 

As they extended its domain toward the 
West, England paralleled its course 
through Canada, and the two Powers 
reached the Pacific Coast simultaneously, 
at the same time English and American 
Pioneers came into conflict on the Isthmus. 

The Americans were seeking to open up 
a transit route through Nicaragua with a 
view to accommodating the increasing 
immigration to California. But by ex- 
tending and combining her Central Ameri- 
can holdings, Eaglaud blocked the way at 
the Mouth of the San Juan River, and a 
deadlock ensued. Finally all differences 
were settled in a compromise convention, 
known as the Clayton and Bulwer Treaty, 
and under this and the Hay Ponceforte 
Treaty, was the United States enabled in 
1906, to claim the exclusive control of the 
great 8h<p canal it is now constructing, 
and when completed, will, in spite of cus- 
tom and tradition, reverse the order of 
things in this JNew World, turning our 
faces westward, with our backs looking 
across the Atlantic 

Europeans have cut through the Isthmus 
of Suez in their interests, and now Ameri- 
cans are cutting through the Isthmus of 
Panama in their interests, thus inaugurat- 
ing the political and economic ascendancy 
of this New Castle, in a New World, that 
not since the third day of August 1492, 
when Columbus set sail from Palos in 
Spain, on his voyage of discovery, and the 
25t;h day of September 1513, when Balboa 
crossed the Isthmus of Panama and dis- 



45 

covered the Pacific Ocean, has a more 
important and advantageous step been 
taken in the greater development of this 
New World, than the one giving to Ameri- 
ca the exclusive control of the Panama 
Canal. 

"When we shall have more American 
ships upon the western sea, and a larger 
mingling of American golden civilization 
with the Mongolian races, the commercial 
tonnage that will be floated oa the waters 
of the Pacific will surpass in value and 
abundance the transpoitatioa across the 
Atlantic." 

"More than 200 years ago the man 
whose name had been honorably associa- 
ted with the commerce, and who devised 
the accepted plans of the Bank of Eng- 
land, dreamed of the opulence and wealth 
that would flow into the laps of an enter- 
prising and intelligent people who would 
take possession of Darien and construct 
across the Isthmus a commercial highway, 
la his enthusiasm he was wont to say that 
'Whoever possessed that door of the sea, 
that key of the universe, would give law 
to both hemispheres;' 'That Darien would 
become a vast warehouse for the wealth 
which would be poured into it, from Can- 
ton and Siam, from Ceylon and Moluccas, 
from the Mouth of the Ganges and the 
Gulf of Cambay." 

But the realization of the hopes and de- 
sires of William Paterson were not to 
come in his day. The fates of time post- 
poned the act of connecting the two great 
Oceans until iu this, our day, the building 
of the Isthmian Canal shall give this New 
Castle, in this New World, the command 
of the commerce of the seas. Bat before 
that great work is finished, let ns hoj e 
that an American Merchant Marine shall 
have been established, if this is done, 



40 

there will eome floating 'through the Gold- 
en Gate', and into all the harbors of the 
Great Pacific, an Ocean trade from the 
lands of the Orient, richer in wealth and 
of far greater magnitude, than the Scotch- 
man predicted, or the fancy of Macauly 
could paint. 

Over one hundred years ago, "when 
hands alone worked", we had an Ameri- 
can Minister to France. This man was 
watching events in the Court of Versailles, 
and incidentally helping John Ledyard to 
get a foot-hold on the shores of the waters 
discovered by Balboa, one of the bravest 
and most successful of the Spanish dis- 
coverers of America. Afterwards this far 
seeing statesman as President of this New 
World, fresh from the scenes of revolution 
in Paris, secured the mouth of the Miss- 
issippi River from Napoleon, and immedi- 
ately thereafter, on May 14th, 1804, the 
Lewis and Clark Expedition left their 
camp at the Mouth of Wood (now the Du- 
bois) Kiver near St. Louis, starting up the 
Missouri and the Yellowstone, and then 
down the western side of the Mountains 
to where the Kockies turn toward the 
wooing West, and by way of the Lewis 
Biver, (now known as the Salmon Kiver) 
the Clear water, and the Columbia, reach- 
ed the Mouth of the Mighty Columbia, 
4,000 miles from their starting point, Nov- 
ember 7ch, 1805, and were the first Ameri- 
cans crossing tne Continent to the Pacific 
Ocean, at a time "when hand was the 
only tbing that worked". 

The success of this expedition, not only 
secured to America, what now constitutes 
the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, 
the south western part of Montana, and 
the north west corner of Wyoming, but 
enabled the United States to follow up the 
claim based on Captain Gray's discovery 



47 

ot the Columbia River, to anticipate ex- 
ploration and discovery on the North West 
Coast by any other Nation, and to hold 
the Country west of the Rocky Mountains, 
and north of the 49th parallel. It gave to 
this New Castle in a New World, at a time 
when "bands alone worked", a coast line 
on the Pacific Ocean, aided it in the ac- 
quisition of the State of California, and 
the subsequent acquisition of 590,884 
square miles of territory, that is more than 
twice the area of Texas, or one sixth of 
the entire domain of this New World, 
measuring from the extreme north to the 
extreme south, 1,400 miles, covering a 
distance east and west of 2,200 miles, 
with an irregular coast line of 26,000 
miles, more than two and a half times the 
length of the combined Atlantic and 
Pacific Coast lines of the rest of the Unit- 
ed States, with mountains, plains, rivers, 
and islands, the beauty and wealth of 
which is beyond description. And today 
its more rapid development would be 
greatly enhanced, if some of the million- 
aires of the country. Chancellor Day 
claims, are so "freely investing and giv- 
ing away their money", would turn their 
attention to this vast region, not in a 
spirit of selfishness, but on the broad plat- 
form of exact justice and equity, and help 
the pioneers of Alaska who have with 
their hands aloue, accomplished so much 
in that territory since 1897, for their 
country's good. 

On the :50th day of March 1906, it was 
;i9 years since the treaty between the 
United States and Russia was signed for 
the transfer of a tract of land then called 
Russia America, for $7,250,000 to the 
United States. And beginning with the 
year 1886 and closing with 1906, twenty 
years, through the unaided efforts of the 



48 

pioueer, has this region, in the far north 
corner of America, returned in gold and 
silver alone $101,617,742, or $94,117,714, 
more than was paid for it. The receipts 
from the yearly salmon pack alone has 
been more than equal to the $7,250,000, 
paid for this so called land of ice and 
snow. 

Alaska needs railroads; give her these, 
and you will open a New Empire, rich in 
all things necessary to the comfort and 
happiness of man. America needs a Mer 
chant Marine, and the building of a rail- 
road around the world; give her these, and 
the millions and billions thus employed, 
will prove a good legitimate investment 
for its owners, and so strenghthen this 
New Castle, in a New World, as that it 
will reiga supreme in all the Nations of 
the earth, none will assail it. 

Sixty years ago, Thomas Benton, closed 
his speech in favor of the "Linn Bill," 
saying, "It is a measure that would soon 
place 30,000 or 40,000 rifles beyond the 
Koeky Mountains," and since that time, 
America's mighty possessions in the Pavil- 
ion of the Setting Sun, has from its store 
houses of nature alone, unlocked by the 
hand of the pioneer, given to the wealth of 
the world, millions and billions ot dollars. 
Its stream of gold and silver saved this 
New Castle in a New World, and made 
possible a Uaited Nation, that if not now, 
will in after years command the eloquence 
of Orators, and furnish a never ending 
field of deepest interest for poetic thought 
and philosophical reasoning. So great 
and powerful have the small beginnings 
of the American Pioneer grown to be, that 
no blot or blemish should rest upon the 
moral of the people of the land, they re- 
deemed fiom a wilderness, no corruption, 
tyranny, or power of wealth trample down 



49 

their liberties. 

Wft3 it the man of millions and billions 
tnat oame to the rescue of the country in 
the first half of the Nineteenth Century, 
when the world was in the grip of a gold 
famine, and it was being urged that the 
only way to save modern civilization was 
to expand the currency with paper? I 
think not. It was the result of the fear- 
less, energetic, enterprising individual, 
"at a time when hand was the only thing 
that worked," that caused two iloods of 
gold to pour their shining light all over the 
world, changing every industry, reversing 
the movements of all prices, altering the 
intricate current of commerce, shifting 
masses of population and political power, 
revolutionizing economic conceptions, 
quieting apprehension, raising now ones, 
and strengthening hope; one was from 
California, and the other one was from 
Australia, taking the imagination of man- 
kind by storm, and saving our modern 
civilization from the burden of being de- 
pendent upon the expansion of our currency 
with paper only. The vast treasure vaults 
of Spain, "at the time when hand was the 
only thing that worked," made that coun- 
try the center of civilization during the 
middle ages. And the unending supply of 
the coveted yellow metal from nature's, 
not man's treasure vaults, was a potent 
frtctor in arousing and fostering that re 
markable intellectual activity that expres- 
sed itself in art, architecture, astronomy, 
engineering and literature, in the Iberian 
Peninsula, during a time when the rest of 
Europe was shrouded in intellectual dark- 
ness, and from the wealth wresttd from 
mother earth, placed there by a more gen- 
erous hand and heart than that of combin- 
ed selfish forces, has been bnilt, the cities 
that grace the world; the magnificent 



50 

navies that dominate the soas, audbrou^bt 
into the closest social and commercial com- 
mnnication, the people of the East and the 
West, the North and the South, in this 
New Castle, in a New World. And it was 
the discovery and development of the gold 
and silver mines in the possession of this 
New Castle, in this New World, that was 
strongest of all things in modernizing, and 
bettering in every way the condition of 
the American People. And it is to the 
bountiful gifts of nature, nature's God, 
and the mariners of those early days, who 
guided the ship of state through the great 
storm of revolution into a harbor of safety, 
and no other source, that the people in 
this New Castle in a New World should 
offer their prayers of gratitude. This was, 
and is the beacon light of all American 
prosperity, happiness and Independence, 
and to this power alone, must the true 
American ever remain loyal. 

Love of country is exalted and purified 
by being mingled with feelings of grati- 
tude, and reverence for virtue is warmed 
and animated, and brought home to our 
hearts, by its union with the pride and 
love of country. Therefore, in line with 
this thought, I may be pardoned for re- 
minding you, that in the summer of 1901, 
just fifty eight years after the close of Mr. 
Benton's prediction, during the official 
visit of the National Rivers and Uaibor 
Committee to the Paget Sound Navy Yard, 
and while the lunch given them was being 
prepared under the shadow of great pines, 
a large brown painted Battleship turned 
into the dry dock after the longest trip in 
the world. As it hove in sight, Con^^ul8, 
Senators, Congressmen, Mayors, Presi- 
dents of Chambers of Coiiimerce, with 
citizens in general, stood with uncovered 
head8,and thankful hearts. What thoughts ; 



51 

Oh, what inspiiation! Three years before, 
this same Battleship left that same spot, 
and oh, how its return was watched and 
prayed for while making that 15,000 mije 
trip. Stamped upon the faces of eveiy 
man aboard that ship, was the brave bat 
silent words, — "We are loyal Americans, 
give us a chance." The chance as of old, 
was given. This Battleship arrived in 
Santiago just in time to pass the Brooklyn, 
turn the Colon upside down, and drive 
from the Western World Spanish tyranny. 
When Captain Clark stopped to coal, he 
told the world that "ships were built on 
the Pacific Coast, of this New Castle, in a 
New World, that needed no repairs," 
And the name Oregon, became, not alone 
high in the sympathy and devotion of a 
loyal and appreciative people, but famous 
the world over, and should, and will cause 
to live afresh in the ever-growing, never- 
ageing gratitude of a free and independent 
nation, the story of the hopes, the fears, 
the trials and success of the officers and 
men of the Oregon, and those fearless 
pioneers, who in the days, "when hands 
alone did the work, on the 7th day of 
November, 1805, planted the stars and 
stripes firmly on the shores of the Pacific, 
In our great Oregon Country." 



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iECKMAN 

INDERY INC. 

^^ DEC 88 







